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Planned form of Soviet battleships

German reconnaissance moving-picture show of Sovetsky Soyuz taken in June 1942
Form overview
Operators	Soviet Navy
Preceded by	Imperator Nikolai I
Succeeded by	None
Cost	one,180,000,000 rubles
Built	1938–1941
Planned	15 (iv laid downward earlier counterfoil)
Cancelled	15
Full general characteristics subsequently 1941 modifications
Type	Battleship
Displacement	59,150 t (58,220 long tons) (standard) 65,150 t (64,120 long tons) (full load)
Length	269.4 yard (883 ft 10 in) (o/a)
Beam	38.9 k (127 ft vii in)
Draft	ten.4 m (34 ft 1 in)
Installed power	six triangle-type boilers 201,000 shp (150,000 kW)
Propulsion	iii shafts; 3 geared steam turbines
Speed	28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph)
Endurance	seven,680 nmi (14,220 km; eight,840 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; sixteen mph)
Armament	three × triple 406 mm (16 in) guns six × twin 152 mm (6 in) guns 6 × twin 100 mm (three.ix in) DP guns 10 × quadruple 37 mm (one.5 in) AA guns
Armor	Waterline chugalug: 180–420 mm (seven.i–16.5 in) Deck: 25–155 mm (ane.0–half dozen.1 in) Turrets: 230–495 mm (9.1–xix.5 in) Barbettes: 425 mm (16.seven in) Bulkheads: 75–365 mm (3.0–14.4 in) Conning tower: 425 mm (xvi.seven in)
Aircraft carried	4 KOR-two flying boats
Aviation facilities	2 aircraft catapults

The Sovetsky Soyuz-class battleships (Project 23, Russian: Советский Союз, "Soviet Union"), as well known every bit "Stalin's Republics", were a class of battleships begun by the Soviet Matrimony in the late 1930s just never brought into service. They were designed in response to the Bismarck-class battleships existence congenital by Deutschland. Only iv hulls of the fifteen originally planned had been laid down by 1940, when the determination was fabricated to cut the program to only three ships to divert resources to an expanded army rearmament program.

These ships would take rivaled the Regal Japanese Yamato class and America'due south planned Montana class in size if any had been completed, although with significantly weaker firepower: nine 406-millimeter (xvi in) guns compared to the 9 460-millimeter (xviii.i in) guns of the Japanese ships and a dozen 16-inch (406 mm) on the Montanas. The failure of the Soviet armor plate manufacture to build cemented armor plates thicker than 230 millimeters (9.1 in) would have negated any advantages from the Sovetsky Soyuz class's thicker armor in combat.

Construction of the first iv ships was plagued with difficulties as the Soviet shipbuilding and related industries were non prepared to build such large ships. One battleship, Sovetskaya Belorussiya, was cancelled on 19 October 1940 after serious construction flaws were establish. Construction of the other three ships was suspended shortly afterwards Nazi Frg invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, and never resumed. All 3 of the surviving hulls were scrapped in the belatedly 1940s.

Pattern and development [edit]

Design work began in 1935 on new battleships in response to the existing and planned German battleships,^[one] and the Soviets made extensive efforts in Italia and the U.s. to purchase either drawings or the ships themselves in the tardily 1930s.^[ii] The Italian house of Gio. Ansaldo & C. proposed a ship of 42,000 long tons (43,000 t) standard displacement with nine xvi-inch (406 mm) guns, in size and appearance similar to the Italian battleshipLittorio then under construction by the company.^[3] The U.S. firm of Gibbs & Cox provided four designs; 1 for a conventional battleship, and three hybrid designs which combined battleship main armament with a raised flight deck on the central superstructure capable of operating up to 30 aircraft.^[iv] While these projects proved useful to the Soviets, they decided to keep with their own designs.

The first Tactical-Technical Requirement (abbreviated in Russian as ТТZ) for the large battleship design was issued on 21 February 1936 only proved besides aggressive, specifying nine 460 mm guns and a speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph) on a displacement of 55,000 tons.^{[Note 1]} The TTZ was revised in May 1936 by Admiral Orlov, Commander of the Soviet Navy, reducing speed to 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph), and weakening the secondary and anti-aircraft batteries. A few months afterward Admiral Orlov further reduced the size of the battleship to 45,000 tons and gear up the size of the main guns at 406 mm. Soon subsequently, the Soviet Union signed the Anglo-Soviet Quantitative Naval Agreement of 1937 and agreed to follow the terms of the Second London Naval Treaty that express battleships to a displacement of 35,560 metric tons (35,000 long tons), although they did add a proviso that immune them to build ships of unlimited size to face the Imperial Japanese Navy if they notified the British. Notwithstanding another TTZ was approved past Orlov on 3 August for ships of 41,500 tons with an armament of nine 406-millimeter, twelve 152-millimeter (half dozen in), twelve 100-millimeter (3.9 in), and forty 37-millimeter (1.5 in) guns, a maximum armor thickness of 380 mm (15 in) and a speed of thirty knots.^[5]

The blueprint of KB-4, the surface ship design agency of the Baltic Shipyard, was selected for further development although the atomic number 82 designers were convinced that only a larger ship could fulfill the ambitious requirements. They did manage to go agreement on 22 November 1936 for a thickening of the deck armor that raised the displacement to about 47,000 tons. Design piece of work continued on this footing and technical work was completed for a ship of 47,700 tons in April 1937, but the designers continued to printing their instance for larger ships. The result was resolved by General Secretarial assistant Stalin at a meeting on 4 July when he agreed to increase displacement to nigh 56,000 tons. This forced the projection to brainstorm again.^[6]

The timing of the redesign proved to exist inauspicious as the Nifty Purge was spreading through the ranks of the military and related industries. The original deadline for completion of pattern piece of work by 15 October was missed, and an incomplete version was presented to the navy'south Shipbuilding Assistants the side by side calendar month. A number of details remained to exist worked out, including the last design of the machinery plant, the 152 mm guns and the 100 mm gun mounts. In the meantime, extensive and expensive testing was conducted on the ship's hull form, deck armor and torpedo protection; 27 million rubles were spent on experimental piece of work in 1938 alone. Over 100 models of the hull were tested in a transport model bowl to detect the all-time hull class and two i-10th-scale launches were congenital at Sevastopol to test the hull's maneuverability. An old steamship was fitted with a replica of the design's armor decks and tested against 500-kilogram (1,100 lb) bombs, proving that such ordnance would generally penetrate both the twoscore-millimeter (ane.6 in) upper and 50-millimeter (2 in) middle decks before exploding on the armored deck. The chief armor deck was raised 1 deck in consequence and a splinter deck added underneath it to terminate any bomb or shell fragments that might penetrate the armor deck. The underwater protection system was tested on fifteen one-5th calibration models and two full-sized experimental barges. These tests proved that the torpedo belt system of multiple bulkheads was superior to the Pugliese system of a big tube filled with smaller sealed tubes, but it was too late to incorporate these test results into the pattern as construction was well underway by the time they were completed in belatedly 1939.^[7]

A revised design was approved on 28 Feb 1938 and the first ship was to be laid downward on xv July, but even this design was incomplete and would be revised later. Trials with similarly shaped motor launches suggested that the hull'southward propulsive efficiency would be i knot (1.ix km/h; 1.2 mph) less than planned, and this was accepted in the November 1938 revision as a maximum speed of 27.five knots (50.9 km/h; 31.6 mph). Still, a new propeller design proved to be more than efficient and was predicted to increase speed to 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph). Another change was the deletion of the centerline rudder when tests showed that the two wing rudders would non exist able to counteract its effects if it jammed. The weight toward the stern of the boat was calculated to be too not bad, producing a substantial stern-down trim. To remedy this, the two 100 mm turrets mounted on the quarterdeck were deleted and the tiptop of the armor chugalug abreast the rear turret was lowered, only this decision was reversed and they were restored past a decision of the Land Defence force Committee on 14 January 1941. This forced a revision of the aircraft arrangements equally the aircraft catapult had to be removed from the centerline of the quarterdeck; two catapults were added to the sides of the quarterdeck instead.^[8]

Full general characteristics [edit]

Luftwaffe aerial reconnaissance photo of the Ordzhinikidze M (Shipyard 189), Saint petersburg, showing the battleship Sovetsky Soyuz (top) and the cruiser Chkalov under structure, 26 June 1941

As designed, the Project 23-form ships, as Sovetsky Soyuz and her sisters were designated, were 269.4 meters (883 ft 10 in) long overall. They had a beam of 38.9 meters (127 ft 7 in) and a draft of 10.4 meters (34 ft 1 in) at deep load. They displaced 59,150 metric tons (58,220 long tons) at standard load and 65,150 metric tons (64,121 long tons) at full load, although weight estimates made in 1940 show that they would have exceeded 60,000 metric tons (59,052 long tons) standard and 67,000 metric tons (65,942 long tons) at full load.^[9]

The hull class was very full-bodied, specially at the frontward magazines, where the torpedo protection system added width to the beam. Coupled with the relatively low length-to-axle ratio of 7.xiv:1, this meant that very powerful turbines were necessary to achieve even small-scale speeds. Stalin's conclusion that the Project 23-class ships would apply three shafts instead of 4 increased the load on each shaft and reduced propulsive efficiency, although information technology did shorten the length of the armored citadel and thus overall deportation. Metacentric height was designed at 3.4 meters (11 ft 2 in) and the tactical diameter was estimated at about 1,170 meters (three,840 ft).^[10]

The Sovetsky Soyuz-class ships were provided with facilities to handle two to 4 KOR-2 flying boats which would be launched by the two catapults mounted on the stern. Two hangars were congenital into the after finish of the forecastle deck to firm 2 of them and cranes were provided at the forwards cease of the quarterdeck to hoist them out of the water.^[xi]

Machinery [edit]

The machinery arrangement "provided good dispersal of the machinery spaces, but at the cost of very long runs for the wing shafts (ca. 105 meters (344.5 ft))". The turbine compartments for the wing shafts were located forrad of boiler room No. one and aft of the No. 2 turret magazines. The engine room for the center shaft's turbine was between banality room No. ii and No. 3. This meant that the wing propeller shafts had to run underneath the boilers.^[12]

The steam turbines, and a license to build them, were originally going to be ordered from Cammell Laird in the United Kingdom, just their £700,000 cost was more than than the Soviets wanted to pay. Instead they bought them from Brown Boveri, using the technical information caused from Cammell Laird in the process, for £400,000. Four single-reduction, impulse-reduction geared turbines were ordered from the Swiss house, iii to equip Sovetskaya Rossiya and one to serve as a pattern for the factory in Kharkov that was to build the residual. The iii produced a full of 201,000 shaft horsepower (149,886 kW). Six triangle-type water-tube boilers—two in each banality room—powered the turbines at a working pressure level of 37 kg/cm² (iii,628 kPa; 526 psi) and a temperature of 380 °C (716 °F).^[13]

Maximum speed was estimated at 28 knots, using the revised propeller design, although forcing the machinery would yield an extra knot. The normal fuel oil capacity was 5,280 metric tons (v,197 long tons), giving an estimated endurance of half-dozen,300 nautical miles (xi,700 km; 7,200 mi) at 14.5 knots (26.9 km/h; 16.7 mph) and 1,890 nautical miles (3,500 km; 2,170 mi) at full speed. Maximum fuel chapters was 6,440 metric tons (6,338 long tons) which gave a range of seven,680 nautical miles (xiv,220 km; eight,840 mi) at xiv.5 knots and ii,305 nautical miles (4,269 km; 2,653 mi) at full speed.^[14]

Armament [edit]

406 mm B-37 gun in MP-10 test mount, 1940

The main ammunition consisted of three electrically powered MK-1 triple turrets, each with iii l-caliber 406 mm B-37 guns. The guns could be depressed to −two° and elevated to 45°. They had a stock-still loading bending of 6° and their charge per unit of burn varied with the fourth dimension required to re-aim the guns. Information technology ranged from two.0 to 2.half-dozen rounds per minute depending on the top.^[ten] The turrets could elevate at a rate of 6.2 degrees per second and traverse at 4.55 degrees per 2d. 100 rounds per gun were carried. The guns fired 1,108-kilogram (two,443 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 830 grand/s (ii,700 ft/s); this provided a maximum range of 45,600 meters (49,900 yd).^[15]

The secondary armament consisted of twelve 57-caliber B-38 152 mm guns mounted in 6 twin-gun MK-4 turrets. Their elevation limits were −5° to +45° with a stock-still loading bending of 8°. Their rate of burn down also varied with the acme from 7.five to 4.viii rounds per minute. They were provided with 170 rounds per gun.^[16] The turrets could drag at a rate of 13 degrees per second and traverse at half-dozen degrees per second. They had a maximum range of nigh 30,000 meters (98,425 ft) with a 55-kilogram (121 lb) trounce at a muzzle velocity of 950 m/s (3,100 ft/s).^[17]

Heavy anti-aircraft (AA) fire was provided by a dozen 56-quotient 100 mm B-34 dual-purpose guns in 6 twin-gun MZ-14 turrets with 400 rounds per gun. The ships began construction with only iv turrets, only two additional turrets were restored to the quarterdeck in Jan 1941. They could drag to a maximum of 85° and depress to −eight°.^[16] They could traverse at a charge per unit of 12° per second and elevate at 10° per second. They fired xv.vi-kilogram (34 lb) high explosive shells at a muzzle velocity of 895 thou/s (ii,940 ft/south); this provided a maximum range of 22,241 meters (24,323 yd) against surface targets, but their maximum range against aeriform targets was 9,895 meters (32,464 ft), the limit of their time fuse.^[18]

Lite AA defense was handled by ten quadruple, water-cooled, 46-K mounts fitted with 37 mm (1.5 in) lxx-Thousand guns with 1800 rounds per gun. Initially only eight mounts were planned when the ships began construction, but two more were added later, probably in Jan 1941, one on each side of the forward superstructure. Each mount was fully enclosed to protect the crew from the cage smash of the larger guns and against splinters.^[16] The guns fired .732-kilogram (1.61 lb) shells at a muzzle velocity of 880 m/s (2,900 ft/s). Their effective anti-aircraft range was 4,000 meters (13,123 ft).^[19]

Fire control [edit]

Each main gun turret was given a DM-12 12-meter (39 ft four in) rangefinder for employ in local control, but they were more often than not controlled by i of three KDP-8 burn-control directors. These had ii viii-meter (26 ft iii in) stereoscopic rangefinders, one to track the target and the other to measure the range to the ship'south ain crush splashes. Two of these were protected by 20 mm (0.8 in) of armor and were mounted atop the rear superstructure and the tower-mast. The other was mounted on top of the conning tower and was protected by fifty mm of armor. They used a TsAS-0 mechanical computer to generate firing solutions. Four KDP-4t-Two directors, with two 4-meter (13 ft i in) rangefinders each, controlled the secondary armament. One pair was on either side of the belfry-mast and the aft pair was on each side of the aft funnel. Three SPN-300 stabilized directors, each with a 4-meter rangefinder, controlled the heavy anti-aircraft guns. There was i on each side of the forward funnel while the other was atop the rear superstructure.^[20]

Protection [edit]

Soviet armor plate plants proved incapable of producing plates of cemented armor thicker than 230 mm (9.ane in) which forced the decision to replace cemented plates thicker than 200 mm (7.nine in) with face-hardened ones with less resistance in November 1940. The plants tended to compensate by making the thicker plates harder, just this often made them more brittle and large numbers did not laissez passer the acceptance tests. This would have significantly reduced the level of protection enjoyed by the Sovetsky Soyuz-course ships in gainsay.^[21]

The Sovetsky Soyuz-class ships devoted a total weight of 23,306 metric tons (22,938 long tons) to armor protection, a slightly greater weight than that of the larger Japanese Yamato class (23,262 metric tons (22,895 long tons)). Their armor was intended to resist 406 mm shells and 500 kg bombs, specifically shells fired from forward bearings betwixt 35° and l° from the centerline. This led to the very unusual situation where the armor belt thickened toward the bow to recoup for the narrowing of the transport near the forwards magazines, which had to be compensated for by thicker armor. The belt was 148.four meters (486 ft 11 in) long and covered 57% of the total waterline length. It was inclined 5° to increase its resistance to flat-trajectory shells. Over the machinery spaces it was 375 mm (xiv.8 in) thick and increased in steps until it was 420 mm (17 in) thick over the forward magazines. It was 380 mm (fifteen in) over the rear magazine. The chugalug armor was carried forward of the magazines at a thickness of 220 mm (8.7 in) and terminated in a steeply sloped (30°) transverse 285 mm (11.2 in) bulkhead that reduced to 250 mm (9.viii in) at the lower deck where it was connected downwardly to the inner bottom by a 75-millimeter (iii in) bulkhead. Forward of this bulkhead was a 20 mm splinter belt that continued all the way to the bow. The master armor belt dropped down to the main deck from the upper deck abreast the aft turret to reduce weight. This "step" was protected by 180-millimeter (vii.one in) plates. A 365-millimeter (14.4 in) transverse bulkhead separated the rear turret and the ship's sides. The principal function of the armored citadel was airtight off past a 230 mm forward bulkhead and a 180 mm rear bulkhead, both of homogeneous armor. Splinter armor 25 mm (0.98 in) thick covered the upper portion of the citadel.^[22]

The forecastle deck was 25 mm thick while the upper deck was 155 mm (6.1 in) over the citadel. Below it, the 50 mm centre deck acted as a splinter deck. The upper deck was 100 mm thick above the 220 mm waterline belt extension. The bottom border of the forward splinter belt met with a 65 mm (2.6 in) arched deck. Another arched deck of the same thickness covered the stern aft of the rear transverse bulkhead.^[23]

The main gun turrets had faces 495 mm (19.five in) thick with sides and roofs 230 mm thick. 180-millimeter (7.1 in) thick plates protected the gun ports and 60-millimeter (two.four in) bulkheads separated each gun. The barbettes were 425 mm (sixteen.vii in) thick in a higher place the upper deck. The MK-4 turrets had 100 mm faces and 65 mm sides. Their barbettes were 100 mm in thickness, merely reduced to 65 mm on their inboard sides. 100 mm of armor protected the faces, sides and backs of the MZ-14 turrets for the 100 mm guns, but their roofs and barbettes were 100 mm thick. The frontwards conning tower had walls 425 mm thick while the rear conning tower had only 220 mm (viii.7 in). The flag bridge in the belfry-mast had 75 mm (3.0 in) of protection.^[23]

The torpedo defense system was designed to withstand torpedoes with warheads equivalent to 750 kg (1,653 lb) of TNT. The ships were intended to be able to remain adrift with any 5 adjacent compartments flooded or with three torpedo hits and the destruction of the unarmored above-h2o side. The Pugliese system protected 123 meters (403 ft 7 in) of the ships' midsection. At the aft end was a multi-bulkhead protection system that extended another 33 meters (108 ft 3 in) to the rear from the Pugliese system. The depth of the system was viii.2 meters (26 ft 11 in) amidships, just it reduced to 7 meters (23 ft) fore and aft. The outer plating ranged from eleven to 14 mm (0.43 to 0.55 in) in thickness while the inner bottom was seven mm (0.28 in) thick. The cylinder of the Pugliese system was also vii mm thick while the semi-circular main bulkhead was 35 mm (i.4 in) thick with a flat 10-millimeter (0.39 in) bulkhead behind it. The iii.15-meter (x ft 4 in) diameter cylinder was intended to exist immersed in fuel oil or water.^[24]

Construction [edit]

The August 1938 shipbuilding plan envisioned a total of 15 Project 23-course battleships, and this grandiose scheme was only slightly revised downward to 14 ships in the Baronial 1939 plan. Viii of these were to be laid downwardly before 1942 and the remaining six before 1947. However, only 4 were really laid down before the outbreak of World War Ii forced the Soviets to reassess their ambitious plans. On 19 October 1940 an social club was issued, signed by Stalin and Molotov, that no new battleships would be laid downwardly in order to concentrate on smaller ships' edifice (and too, probably, because more resources were required for the Army), 1 ship is to be scrapped, and priority should be given to only one of the three remaining battleships.^[25]

The Soviet shipbuilding and related industries proved to be incapable of supporting the structure of so many big ships at the same fourth dimension. The largest warships built in the Soviet Union prior to 1938 were the 8,000-metric-ton (7,874-long-ton) Kirov-grade cruisers, and even they had suffered from a number of production problems, only the Soviet leadership appeared to ignore the difficulties encountered in the construction of the Kirov class when ordering fourteen much more than aggressive ships. Structure of two more ships planned for Saint petersburg and Nikolayev had to movement to the brand-new Shipyard Nr. 402 in Molotovsk because the existing shipyards could not be expanded to handle so many large ships. Components for these ii ships had to be manufactured at Petrograd and shipped via the White Bounding main – Baltic Culvert to Molotovsk. Also, the turret shop at Nikolaev proved to be too poorly equipped to assemble the 406 mm mountings and the propeller shafts had to be ordered in 1940 from Germany and the Netherlands as the domestic plants were already overburdened with orders. Shipbuilding steel proved to be in short supply in 1940, and a number of batches were rejected because they did not come across specifications. Armor plate production was even more problematic equally just one,800 metric tons (1,772 long tons) of the anticipated 10,000 metric tons (9,842 long tons) were delivered in 1939, and more one-half of that was rejected. Furthermore, the armor plants proved to be incapable of making cemented plates over 230 mm, and junior face-hardened plates had to substitute for all thicknesses over 200 mm.^[26]

Machinery issues were likely to delay the ships well past their intended delivery dates of 1943–1944. Iii turbines were delivered by Chocolate-brown Boveri in 1939 to Arkhangelsk for Sovetskaya Rossiya, but the Kharkhovskii Turbogenerator Works never completed a single turbine before the German invasion in June 1941. A prototype boiler was supposed to take been congenital ashore for evaluation, simply it was non completed until early 1941, which farther complicated the production programme.^[27]

Structure of all three ships was ordered halted on 10 July 1941, and Sovetsky Soyuz was placed into long-term conservation as the most advanced ship. Nonetheless, all three were officially stricken from the Navy List on 10 September 1941.^[10]

Sovetsky Soyuz [edit]

Sovetsky Soyuz (Russian: Советский Союз–Soviet Union) was formally laid downwardly 15 July 1938 in Shipyard Nr. 189 (Ordzhonikidze) in Saint petersburg, although evidence suggests that construction actually began in January 1939 after her slipway was completed, the necessary cranes were in place, and working drawings had been completed.^[28] When the state of war began she was estimated to be 21.nineteen% complete, with fifteen,818 metric tons (fifteen,568 long tons) of steel assembled on the slip. She was only lightly damaged by German air attacks and bombardments, and, as some material had been used during the siege of Leningrad, she was estimated to be 19.5% consummate after the end of the war. Some thought was given to completing her, but this was opposed as she was regarded equally obsolete in light of the experience gained during the war. Stalin's expressed desire to see one of the Project 23-course ships completed only delayed the conclusion to scrap her; this was ordered on 29 May 1948 and was well underway by April 1949.^[29]

Sovetskaya Ukraina [edit]

Sovetskaya Ukraina (Russian: Советская Украина–Soviet Ukraine) was laid down 31 October 1938 at Shipyard Nr. 198 (Marti South) in Nikolayev. When the war began she was 17.98% complete, with 13,001 metric tons (12,796 long tons) assembled on the slipway. Some effort was made to launch the hull, but niggling work had been washed to dredge the river at the foot of the slipway, and she was captured on eighteen Baronial 1941, although retreating Soviet troops slightly damaged her hull. The Germans dismantled 200 feet (61 k) of her bow and 100 feet (thirty yard) of her stern for use in fortifications. They were forced to evacuate Nikolayev on 17 March 1944 and demolished the supporting blocks under her port side before they left, which gave her a listing between 5 and 10 degrees and made her a total loss. She was ordered scrapped on 27 March 1947.^[30]

Sovetskaya Rossiya [edit]

Sovetskaya Rossiya (Russian: Советская Россия–Soviet Russian federation) was laid downwardly on 22 July 1940 in Shipyard Nr. 402 in Molotovsk. After the end of the war she was just 0.97% consummate, with 2,125 metric tons (2,091 long tons) of steel assembled. She was ordered scrapped on 27 March 1947.^[30]

Sovetskaya Belorussiya [edit]

Sovetskaya Belorussiya (Russian: Советская Белоруссия–Soviet Belorussia) was laid downwardly 21 Dec 1939 at Shipyard Nr. 402 in Molotovsk, merely construction was suspended in mid-1940 when information technology was discovered that 70,000 rivets used in her hull plating were of inferior quality. This fact probably influenced the determination to cancel her on 19 October 1940.^[31] Fabric intended for her construction was used to construct a floating battery for the defense of Petrograd.^[32]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Aside from the send's specifications themselves the blazon of ton is not specified by McLaughlin.

References [edit]

1. ^ Westwood, p. 202
2. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 362–372
3. ^ Ireland, p. 93
4. ^ Ireland, pp. 92–93; Braynard, p. 66
5. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 380–382
6. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 383–384
7. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 384–385
8. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 385–386, 389
9. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 379, 386
10. ^ ^{a b c} McLaughlin 2003, p. 388
11. ^ Gribovskii, p. 167
12. ^ McLaughlin, Stephen (26 December 2005). Russian and Soviet Battleships: Errata, Corrections and Additions (PDF). gwpda.org. p. iii. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
13. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 393–394
14. ^ McLaughlin 2003, p. 380
15. ^ "Russian 406 mm/l (16") B-37 Pattern 1937". navweaps.com. 9 Oct 2006. Retrieved iii January 2010.
16. ^ ^{a b c} McLaughlin 2003, pp. 379, 389
17. ^ "Russian 152 mm/57 (6") B-38 Pattern 1938". navweaps.com. 23 May 2006. Retrieved three January 2010.
18. ^ "Russia / USSR 100 mm/56 (3.9") B-34 Pattern 1940". navweaps.com. 15 November 2008. Retrieved 3 Jan 2010.
19. ^ "Russia / USSR 37 mm/67 (1.5") seventy-K". navweaps.com. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
20. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 388–389
21. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 387, 390
22. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 190–192
23. ^ ^{a b} McLaughlin 2003, pp. 392–393
24. ^ McLaughlin 2003, p. 393
25. ^ Rohwer & Monakov, pp. 95, 120
26. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 386–387
27. ^ McLaughlin 2003, p. 387
28. ^ Gribovskii, p. 166
29. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 411–413
30. ^ ^{a b} McLaughlin 2003, pp. 379, 411, 413
31. ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 379, 387
32. ^ Ireland, p. 94

Bibliography [edit]

• Braynard, Frank O. (1968). By Their Works Ye Shall Know Them, The Life and Ships of William Francis Gibbs 1886–1967. New York: Gibbs & Cox. OCLC 1192704.
• Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of Earth War I: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations: An Illustrated Directory. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth. ISBN978-1-84832-100-7.
• Gribovskii, V. Iu. (1993). "The "Sovietskii Soiuz" Form Battleships". Warship International. XXX (two): 150–169. ISSN 0043-0374.
• Ireland, Bernard (1996). Jane'southward Battleships of the 20th Century. London: HarperCollins. ISBN0-00-470997-vii.
• McLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBNane-55750-481-iv.
• McLaughlin, Stephen (2021). "Stalin'south Super-battleships: The Sovietskii Soyuz Class". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2021. Oxford, Britain: Osprey Publishing. pp. viii–28. ISBN978-ane-4728-4779-9.
• Rohwer, Jürgen & Monakov, Mikhail South. (2001). Stalin'southward Ocean-Going Fleet. London: Frank Cass. ISBN0-7146-4895-7.
• Westwood, J. Due north. (1994). Russian Naval Construction, 1905–45. London: Macmillan. ISBN0-333-55553-8.

Come across too [edit]

• K-1000 battleship, a purported course of Soviet battleships to succeed Sovetsky Soyuz, promulgated hoax of the Soviet government.

External links [edit]

• Class specifications
• Article from transport.bsu.past (in Russian)
• Article from www.battleships.spb.ru (in Russian)

stockstillquirded1953.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetsky_Soyuz-class_battleship

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